Does anything beat buy & hold on Celestia?
Every setup we tested on Celestia — ranked out-of-sample, corrected for multiple testing, and forward-tracked in public from the day this page published. The honest answer is the headline.
No setup beat simply holding once tested honestly. We say so plainly.
Its best setup only beat buy-and-hold in one window — a regime artifact, not a strategy. Buy-and-hold benchmark: +2.7% CAGR over 6.3 years (-68.1% CAGR in the out-of-sample window).
Educational research from historical backtests — not investment advice. Past performance does not predict future results.
Celestia: Nothing Beat Buy-and-Hold, and We Checked Everything
For Celestia, we ran 478 indicator configurations through the same pipeline we apply to every asset, and none cleared the bar. This is a common outcome in crypto, where simply holding TIA produced a buy-and-hold CAGR of +2.7%% — alongside a maximum drawdown of -100.0%%, which is the price of admission. When the baseline compounds that hard, a timing rule has to be genuinely predictive, not just lucky during one bull run, to add anything. In a market that trades around the clock and moves violently, most rules here simply stepped out of moves that holding captured for free.
The best-looking candidate was Bollinger 10 (x1.5) Break on the daily timeframe, posting an out-of-sample Sharpe of 0.83 against a multiple-testing hurdle of 2.55. That hurdle exists because picking the top result from 478 attempts manufactures apparent skill by construction. Only 98.4%% of setups beat holding at all, and the leader's edge did not hold up across 1.9 years of unseen data. Read this as evidence, not prophecy: crypto market structure shifts quickly, past performance does not predict future results, and a verdict of nothing today is a finding about history, not a forecast.
Every figure above is computed from our own backtests — nothing is estimated or invented. Hypothetical results; not investment advice.
The least-bad setups — shown with their failure numbers
Nothing here earned a verdict — these are the best of a losing field, published so you can see exactly how "best" still failed.
Bollinger 10 (x1.5) Break
Mechanical rule (exactly as backtested): VARIANT — Bollinger(10,1.5) upper-band breakout. Signals are evaluated at daily-bar close, the position changes on the NEXT bar, 0.08% cost per side, long/flat only — no leverage, no shorting.
Out-of-sample (last ~30% of the window, never used to pick this setup): Sharpe 0.83 · alpha +94.2% · 23 trades over 1.9 yrs.
Connors RSI-2
Mechanical rule (exactly as backtested): Larry Connors' mean-reversion — buy RSI(2) below 10, exit above 70. Signals are evaluated at daily-bar close, the position changes on the NEXT bar, 0.08% cost per side, long/flat only — no leverage, no shorting.
Out-of-sample (last ~30% of the window, never used to pick this setup): Sharpe 0.2 · alpha +64.7% · 25 trades over 1.9 yrs.
Bullish Engulfing
Mechanical rule (exactly as backtested): Classic bullish-engulfing reversal — enter long, hold a short horizon. Signals are evaluated at daily-bar close, the position changes on the NEXT bar, 0.08% cost per side, long/flat only — no leverage, no shorting.
Out-of-sample (last ~30% of the window, never used to pick this setup): Sharpe 0.2 · alpha +60.6% · 35 trades over 1.9 yrs.
Since publication — including if it loses
The forward record is just getting started — the gap between the two is the honest score. Marked to market nightly from real prices, rules frozen at publication, as of 2026-07-02. Currently FLAT.
We tested 478 setups (indicator × parameters × timeframe) on Celestia. Only setups with ≥30 trades qualify (257 did). Setups are ranked by out-of-sample Sharpe — the last ~30% of history, which standard-parameter rules never saw during selection. Because picking the best of 478 tries mines even the holdout, the VALIDATED verdict additionally requires the top setup’s OOS Sharpe to clear a selection hurdle of 2.55 (√(2 ln N)/√T) AND positive alpha in both windows. Of the eligible setups, 98.4% had positive out-of-sample alpha (median OOS Sharpe -0.76) — the table below is truncated, but this summary covers all of them. Full recipe: methodology · the engine’s contract lives in the repo as STRATEGY_METHODOLOGY.md.
Top 20 of 257 eligible setups
Ranked by out-of-sample Sharpe. Full + out-of-sample columns, costs included. Hypothetical.
| # | Setup | TF | Total ret | Sharpe | Max DD | Win | Trades | α vs B&H | OOS Sharpe | OOS α | OOS trades |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bollinger 10 (x1.5) Break | Daily | -100.0% | -1.3 | -100.0% | 40.0% | 100 | -85.9% | 0.83 | +94.2% | 23 |
| 2 | Connors RSI-2 | Daily | >+999% | 0.92 | -82.2% | 50.0% | 70 | +76.5% | 0.2 | +64.7% | 25 |
| 3 | Bullish Engulfing | Daily | -80.5% | 0.4 | -100.0% | 42.1% | 114 | -25.7% | 0.2 | +60.6% | 35 |
| 4 | Laguerre RSI | Daily | >+999% | 0.4 | -84.0% | 54.0% | 50 | +149.3% | 0.19 | +65.0% | 15 |
| 5 | Connors RSI | Daily | +922.2% | 0.8 | -92.7% | 49.3% | 69 | +42.2% | 0.15 | +59.3% | 26 |
| 6 | Stochastic Momentum Index | Daily | +59.5% | 0.93 | -98.3% | 56.7% | 30 | +5.0% | 0.13 | +58.9% | 11 |
| 7 | Waddah Attar Explosion | Daily | -100.0% | -0.27 | -100.0% | 34.1% | 85 | -90.6% | 0.07 | +62.9% | 23 |
| 8 | Elder Impulse | Daily | >+999% | 0.4 | -100.0% | 44.2% | 163 | +101.5% | 0.07 | +61.7% | 40 |
| 9 | Fibonacci Pivots | Weekly | -74.5% | 0.38 | -92.3% | 51.5% | 33 | -51.6% | -0.03 | +61.3% | 12 |
| 10 | Acceleration Bands | Daily | -100.0% | -0.8 | -100.0% | 34.7% | 49 | -74.2% | -0.11 | +57.9% | 12 |
| 11 | Schaff Trend Cycle | Daily | -39.3% | 0.19 | -83.5% | 46.2% | 39 | -10.4% | -0.12 | +59.9% | 15 |
| 12 | Morning Star | Daily | -99.5% | -0.3 | -99.6% | 49.0% | 49 | -59.7% | -0.16 | +55.9% | 13 |
| 13 | Center of Gravity | Daily | -100.0% | -0.73 | -100.0% | 46.8% | 248 | -97.8% | -0.18 | +41.0% | 53 |
| 14 | Fisher Transform | Daily | -100.0% | 0.4 | -100.0% | 47.3% | 165 | -94.8% | -0.21 | +41.7% | 44 |
| 15 | TEMA 100 Trend | Daily | >+999% | 0.4 | -97.6% | 33.3% | 45 | +277.5% | -0.22 | +50.4% | 16 |
| 16 | Bollinger 30 (x2.0) Break | Daily | -99.9% | -0.66 | -99.9% | 35.7% | 42 | -69.9% | -0.24 | +60.8% | 10 |
| 17 | Range Filter | Daily | -99.9% | -0.81 | -99.9% | 28.8% | 52 | -72.1% | -0.28 | +58.6% | 20 |
| 18 | Super Smoother (Ehlers) | Daily | >+999% | 0.4 | -100.0% | 44.0% | 125 | +45.1% | -0.28 | +45.1% | 30 |
| 19 | Relative Vigor Index | Daily | -99.5% | 0.4 | -100.0% | 40.4% | 146 | -60.2% | -0.28 | +38.4% | 35 |
| 20 | Accelerator Oscillator | Daily | +157.9% | 0.4 | -100.0% | 44.8% | 87 | +13.6% | -0.32 | +32.3% | 20 |
Hypothetical backtests with 0.08%/side costs. Not investment advice — see the full disclaimer.
These are historical backtests of mechanical rules. They are educational research, not investment advice, not a recommendation, and not tailored to you. Educational information only — not investment advice. Hypothetical backtested results; past performance does not guarantee future results. Trading involves risk of loss.